Wikipedia

Istanbul

Istanbul nopo nga kakadayan bobos tagayo id Turki, sumoborong do Selat Bosporus, pialatan do Eropah om Asia. Ii nopo nga hondomon sabaagi modal ekonomi, koubasanan, om kisajara do pogun. Kakadayan diti haro lobi do 15 riong o mogigion om 19% nopo nga mantad do mogigion Turki,[3] and is the most populous city in Europe[lower-alpha 2] om kakadayan kohopod om limo bobos tagayo id pomogunan.

Istanbul
İstanbul
Perbandaran om wilayah metropolitan
Fatih, Istanbul, kaampai no Masjid Obulou, Istanbul om Hagia Sophia
Maiden's Tower
Manara Galata
İstiklal Avenue om trem dau
Istana Topkapı
Watas pamadagangan Levent
Bosporus, Sunsuyon Martir 15 Madas om Masjid Ortaköy
Location of Istanbul
OpenStreetMap
Map
Ralat Lua pada baris 526 di Modul:Location_map: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Europe" does not exist.
Coordinates: 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E / 41.01361; 28.95500
Pogun Turkey
RegionMarmara
ProvinceIstanbul
Tirikohon wilayahCağaloğlu, Fatih
Watas39
Government
 • TypeMayor–council government
 • BodyMunicipal Council of Istanbul
 • MayorEkrem İmamoğlu (CHP)
Area
[1][lower-alpha 1]
 • Urban
2,576.85 km2 (994.93 sq mi)
 • Metro
5,343.22 km2 (2,063.03 sq mi)
Highest elevation
[2]
537 m (1,762 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2023)[3]
 • Perbandaran om wilayah metropolitan15,655,924
 • Rank1st in Europe
1st in Turkey
 • Urban
15,305,657
 • Urban density5,939/km2 (15,380/sq mi)
 • Metro density2,930/km2 (7,600/sq mi)
DemonymIstanbulite Templat:Nwr
GDP (nominal) (2022)
[4][5]
 • Perbandaran om wilayah metropolitan₺ 4,564 billion
US$ 276 billion
 • Per kapita₺287,524
US$17,349
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Poskod
34000 to 34990
Area codes
  • +90 212 (European side)
  • +90 216 (Asian side)
ISO 3166 codeTR-34
Vehicle registration34
HDI (2021)0.867[6] (very high) · 1st
GeoTLD.ist, .istanbul
Website
Official nameKinoyonon Kisajara do Istanbul
CriteriaTemplat:UNESCO WHS type(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)
Reference356bis
Inscription1985 (9th Session)
Extensions2017
Area765.5 ha (1,892 acres)

Ngaran

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Lajur Constantine[7]

Ngaran kumoiso bandar diti i nointutunan nopo nga Byzantium, ngaran di tinahak do mononolod Megarian pokiikiro 657 BCE.[8] Minamadawa o mononolod Megarian do talian potilombus kumaa monunuridong kakadayan, Byzas, tanak dewa Poseidon om nimfa Ceroëssa.[8] Ponoriukan moden pinopoimbulai do kemungkinan ngaran Byzantium i papatalang kinoyonon mogigion asli Thracian i nokopogulu mantad do kakadayan di ogonop. [9] Constantinople nopo nga mantad ngaran Latin Constantinus, kalapas Constantine the Great, maharaja Rom i minonguridong kawagu o kakadayan dii ontok 324 CE.[8] Pointimporon o Constantinople sabaagi ngaran di koubasan montok kakadayan id Kotonobon gisom toun 193-an, soira tumimpuun o puru kikuasa' Turki do mononsog kopomogunaan "Istanbul" id suang boros suai. Ḳosṭanṭīnīye om İstanbul nopo nga ngaran di ginuno do Uthmaniyyah maya alternatif ontok pomorintaan diolo.[10]

Ngaran diti mantad do frasa Yunani Timpu Pintangaan εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (Templat:IPA-el), maya harfiah 'kumaa id kakadayan'[11] om ii nopo nga karalano Constantinople sinuku do tulun Yunani tampatan. Ahal diti popokito status dau sabaagi iso bandar apangkal id kinoyonon dii. Okito nogi o kapansalan Constantinople id suang pomogunan Uthmaniyyah maya ngaran pomolohou dau i kirati do 'Totobon Koimogoton' id boros do Turki Uthmaniyyah.[12] Pomusarahan alternatif nopo nga ngaran dii nokoburu do potilombus mantad "Constantinople", miampai pinatatak o patod boros kumoiso om kumotolu.[8] Piipiro toud Uthmaniyyah ontok abad ko-17, miagal do Evliya Çelebi, popointalang dii sabaagi ngaran umum Turki ontok timpu dii; ontok kolimpupuson abad ko-17 om kolimpupuson abad ko-18, ii nga ginuno maya rasmi. Penggunaan pertama perkataan Islambol pada mata wang adalah pada tahun 1730 semasa pemerintahan Sultan Mahmud I. Kopomogunaan kumoiso hogot Islambol id tusin nga ontok toun 1730 maamaso pomorintaan di Sultan Mahmud I.[13] Id boros Turki moden, sinuat o ngaran dii sabaagi İstanbul, miampai İ kititik, tu pimato Turki popisuai do I kititik om aiso titik. Id boros Inggiris, potosolon o patod boros kumoiso toi ko' dohuri, nga id boros Turki nopo id patod boros kumoduo (-tan-).[14] Songulun i mantad kakadayan nopo nga İstanbullu (plural İstanbullular); gunoon o Istanbulite id Inggiris.[15]

Sajara

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Watu tagayo diti kanto nga sanganu do lambangan kalantayon id Forum Constantine (dinondo Çemberlitaş)

Artifak Neolitik, i nokito do puruan arkeologi ontok kotimpuunon abad ko-21, popointalang do semenanjung kisajara Istanbul nopongo no ontok kotimpuunon milenium ko-6 SM. Koiyanan pogulu dii oponsol id suang panarayadan Revolusi Neolitik mantad Kosilahon Tosomok kumaa Eropah, nokoindalan solinaid osomok no do iso milenium pogulu nolosod do waig di miningkawas.[16][17][18] Kinoyonon tulun kumoiso id ponong do Asia, nuluhon Fikirtepe, nopo nga mantad timpu Tambaga, miampai artifak i kitadauwulan mantad 5500 gisom 3500 SM,[19] Id ponong Eropah, minsomok do titik semenanjung ( Sarayburnu), haro koiyonon Thracian ontok kotimpuunon lineium kumoiso BCE. Pinionit o monunuat moden ii miampai toponim Thracian Lygos,[20] rinait di Pliny the Elder sabaagi ngaran timpuunon montok kinoyonon Byzantium.[21]

Nokotimpuun o sajara kakadayan dii i kopipio pokiikiro 660 SM, soira minonuridong o peneroka Yunani mantad Megara do Byzantium id ponong Eropah Bosporus. Minomonsoi o peneroka do iso akropolis misampaping miampai do Golden Horn id kinoyonon pogulu do Thracian, pinopoburu ekonomi kakadayan wagu dii.[22] Nokotoguang o kakadayan diti do timpu pomorintaan Parsi di oruhai ontok kaalanan abad ko-5 SM nga sinaladan kawagu do tulun Yunani maamaso Sangod Yunani-Parsi.[23] Pinotilombus o Byzantium sabaagi soboogian mantad do Liga Athens om i monowoli dau, Liga Athens Koduo, pogulu nakaanu kagabasan ontok 355 SM.[24] Alaid miiso miampai tulun Rom, nokosiliu o Byzantium do soboogian mantad Empayar Rom maya rasmi ontok 73 CE.[25] Kootuson Byzantium do mongobi kumaa mononolod kuasa' Rom Pescennius Niger sumaap do Maharaja Septimius Severus minomorutum dau; soira minangakun naala yau ontok kolimpupuson 195 CE, norumbak o kakadayan dii sabap no do duo toun panalaban.[26] Limo toun kalapas dii, tuminimpuun kawagu i Severus do popoingkakat Byzantium, om nakaanu kawaagu o kakadayan dii koimogoton dau om nokolobi do koimogoton pogulu dii.[27]

Geografi om posorili

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Kokitanan satelit do Istanbul om Bosporus

Poinladsong o Istanbul id koibutan kotonobon do Turki om sumoborong do Selat Bosporus,i popotounda iso-iso no wayaan mantad Rahat Oitom kumaa id Mediterranean maya Rahat Marmara. Mantad sajara, kakadayan diti haro koiyonon di kosudong montok pomutaranan om pertahanan: Pirubaan Rahat Marmara, Bosporus, om Sungu Amas popotounda do pertahanan kosudong kumaa sangod do susumaap om totobon tol semula jadi. Piipiro pulau di alawa—Büyükada, Heybeliada, Burgazada, Kınalıada om limo pulau di lobi okoro—nopo nga soboogian mantad kakadayan diti. Nokoburu o disan kotogisan Istanbul om nokolobi do rontob semula jadi dau. Soboogian ginayo do Caddebostan nopo nga poinladsong id kinoyonon pomunsoon, pinopoingkawas ginayo kinoyonon do kakadayan kumaa 5,343 kilometer persegi (2,063 watu persegi).

Sundung do haro mitos do turu nuluhon mombontuk do kakadayan, i kopipio nopo nga haro lobi do 50 nuluhon id suang rontob kakadayan. Nuluhon bobos akawas id Istanbul, Aydos, nopo nga 537 meter (1,762 kaki) o kinawas.

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ "YETKİ ALANI". Istanbul Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 6 Ngiop 2020. Linoyog ontok 4 Mansak 2020.
  2. ↑ "İstanbul'un En Yüksek Tepeleri". Hava Forumu. Hava Durumu Forumu. 15 Ngiop 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023". www.tuik.gov.tr. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 Mansak 2024. Linoyog ontok 6 Mansak 2024.
  4. ↑ "Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($)" [National Accounts - GDP per capita ($)]. www.tuik.gov.tr (id boros Turki). Turkish Statistical Institute. Linoyog ontok 8 Momuhau 2023.
  5. ↑ "GDP by Provinces, 2022 - İstanbul had the highest share of GDP with 30.4% (Tables 1 and 3)". www.tuik.gov.tr. Turkish Statistical Institute. 7 Momuhau 2023. Linoyog ontok 8 Momuhau 2023.
  6. ↑ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
  7. ↑ "Forum of Constantine". www.byzantium1200.com. Linoyog ontok 31 Milatok 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Room 2006, p. 177
  9. ↑ Georgacas 1947, p. 352ff.
  10. ↑ Necipoğlu 2010, p. 262.
  11. ↑ Necdet Sakaoğlu (1993/94a): "İstanbul'un adları" ["The names of Istanbul"]. In: Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi, ed. Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, Istanbul.
  12. ↑ Grosvenor, Edwin Augustus (1895). Constantinople. Vol. 1. Roberts Brothers. p. 69. Linoyog ontok 15 Gomot 2021.
  13. ↑ Finkel 2005, pp. 57, 383.
  14. ↑ Göksel & Kerslake 2005, p. 27.
  15. ↑ Keyder 1999, p. 95.
  16. ↑ Algan, O.; Yalçın, M.N.K.; Özdoğan, M.; Yılmaz, Y.C.; Sarı, E.; Kırcı-Elmas, E.; Yılmaz, İ.; Bulkan, Ö.; Ongan, D.; Gazioğlu, C.; Nazik, A.; Polat, M.A.; Meriç, E. (2011). "Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history". Quaternary Research. 76 (1): 30. Bibcode:2011QuRes..76...30A. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129280217.
  17. ↑ "Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir". hurriyet.com.tr. 3 Gumas 2008.
  18. ↑ "Marmaray kazılarında tarih gün ışığına çıktı". fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr.
  19. ↑ "Cultural Details of Istanbul". Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 12 Manom 2007. Linoyog ontok 2 Gumas 2007.
  20. ↑ Janin, Raymond (1964). Constantinople byzantine. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. pp. 10ff.
  21. ↑ "Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI:
    "On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo, ...""    . Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 1 Milatok 2017. Linoyog ontok 21 Mahas 2015.
  22. ↑ Çelik 1993, p. 11.
  23. ↑ De Souza 2003, p. 88.
  24. ↑ Freely 1996, p. 20.
  25. ↑ Freely 1996, p. 22.
  26. ↑ Grant 1996, pp. 8–10.
  27. ↑ Limberis 1994, pp. 11–12.


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