Wikipedia

Taman Negara Niah

Taman Negara Niah, i poinladsong id watas Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia, nopo nga tapak do Gua Niah, iso tapak arkeologi.

Niah Caves
The main entrance to the Niah Caves at sunset
Location in Malaysia
Location in Malaysia
Location in Malaysia
Location in Malaysia
Location in Malaysia
Niah Caves (Malaysia)
Coordinates3°48′50″N 113°46′53″E / 3.81389°N 113.78139°E / 3.81389; 113.78139
Discovery1950
Entrances1
Official nameThe Archaeological Heritage of Niah National Park's Caves Complex
TypeCultural
Criteriaiii, v
Designated2024 (46th session)
Reference no.1014
RegionAsia-Pacific
Gua Niah
Tapak arkeologi id Gua Kain Hitam. Gua Kain Hitam nopo nga okoro nga oponsol id gana arkeologi hinonggo poinladsong id kabaatan kompleks do Gua Niah Tagayo hinonggo okito o tapak pamalabangan nokodori om lukisan gua.

Sajara

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Alfred Russel Wallace nopo nga poingion solinaid 8 tulan id watas Simunjan miampai songulun jurutera perlombongan, i Robert Coulson, i minogintong do kawasan diti, hinonggo baino nopo nga kinoyonon do Sarawak montok maganu do bijih mineral.[1] Minonuat i Coulson kumaa di Wallace kokomoi do mogihum tulang id piipiro gua id Sarawak. Maya do ponoriukan potilombus, nokoilo i Wallace do iso gua dii " poinladsong id watas id pialatan do Sarawak om Bruni (Brunei), id sawat do nulu i osodu id kogoutanan."[2]Maamaso wulan Gomot 1864, minomili i Wallace di Coulson montok mogintong do gua dii. Sundung po tu' miagal dii, antakan dii Mikat 1864, i G. J. Ricketts, songulun Konsul British nokorikot id Sarawak om pinosiliu montok popoindala do kalaja di. Au alaid i Ricketts id pakalajaan dii om tinilombusan di Alfred Hart Everret. Minogintong i Everret do 32 gua id tolu kinoyonon, kohompit no Niah/Subis (poinsomok do Miri) om "Upper Sarawak Proper"[1] (tudan do Baang Sarawak id Bau).[3]

Maamaso di toun 1950-an, Tom Harrisson, kurator Muzium Pogun Sarawak nopo nga masagan do mogihum bukti ababayan tulun nokodori id Sarawak. Nokobontol isio do Gua Niah, i au popokito do bukti aktiviti tulun nokodori id kinoyonon dii. Sundung pia miagal dii, minomonsoi isio do pomolingkuman do osogit om otuu o gua dii gama do ogumu pungit om bambayangan i milo gunoon sabaagi taakanon, sabaagi bukti do milo iyonon do tulun nokodori o gua dii. Antakan di Gumas 1954, Harrisson miampai duo tambalut dau, i Michael Tweedie om Hugh Gibb minagai do timpu duo minggu montok monoriuk do gua dii. Nokobontol yolo do bukti tionon timpu talaid do tulun, tionon om pamalabangan. Maamaso di toun 1957, pinapaanjul o Muzium Sarawak do ekspedisi di lobi tagayo miampai padsakayan om kakamot mantad Brunei Shell Petroleum om Sarawak Oilfields Ltd (Shell).[4] Kakanan tana, pengikis cangkerang, ponginlumis mantad cangkerang, pomoluta mantad watu, kakamot mantad tulang, om nopod do taakanon nopo nga nabantalan. Pomotadauwulanan radiokarbon do lapik tangud nopo nga pinopoilo do tapak dii nopo nga kiumul do 40,000 toun, mantad po do timpu Paleolitik. Tinimungan ekspedisi i pinuruan di Barbara Harrisson nopo nga nokobontol do "Deep Skull" id suang do "Hell Trench" (pinungaranan montok kowoowoyoon di alasu tomod) id 101 gisom 110 inci id saalom,[5] antakan di Mansak 1958.[6] Iri nopo nga tongkurak sampapas miampai do maxilla, duo nipon molar om soboogian do guas tongkurak. Oropupuh kopio o tongkurak diti om au kifosil. Morfologi tongkurak diti nopo nga popokito do songulun tondu miampai umul belasan toun gisom pintangaan duo nahapadan sabaagi sanganu do tongkurak diti. Id somok do tongkurak dii nopo nga haro tulang poo gibang poimponu om tibia proksimal wanan i nokito miampai saganu di miagal.[6][7] Nokobontol nogi i Tom Harrisson do tapak pamalabangan Neolitik mantad 2,500 gisom 5,000 toun di pogulu. Kinabantalan diti nopo nga minogowit do lobi ogumu ekspedisi di toun 1959, 1965 om 1972.[6]

Nokohimagon o kinoyonon diti sabaagi "Monumen Kisajara Pogun" di toun 1958. Maamaso 23 Milau 1974, nokohimagon o kinoyonon diti sabaagi do taman pogun. Nukaban o taman pogun diti kumaa ginumuan maamaso 1 Milatok 1975.[8]

Antakan di toun 1960, minanahak do pomolingkuman i Don Brothwell do "Deep Skull" di nopo nga mantad do songulun kusai nosukod i kipionitan kanto do tulun sandad Australia mantad Tasmania.[5] Di toun 1960-an, 122 rata tulun mantad Niah nopo nga nigitan kinumaa do Nevada, Amerika Syarikat.[9] Piipiro koluhoyon do paleogeografi, stratigrafi, om pionitan arkeologi montok monokodung karaja di Tom Harrisson.[6] Mantad dii, lobi ogumu karaja lapangan do pinoindalan do Universiti Leicester mampai sokodung do universiti suai mantad do Britain, Australia, Amerika Syarikat om Muzium Pogun Sarawak mantad 2000 gisom 2003[10] montok papaharo do sajara Gua Niah di lobi taralom.[6] Notutunan iti sabaagi "Projek Gua Niah".[10] Iso kawagu tadauwulan tangud om "Deep Skull" pinoindalan di toun 2000.[5] Iti nopo nga popokito do umul rangka dii nopo nga solinaid 37,000 toun.[5] Di toun 2006, ponoriukan mantad Projek Gua Niah nopo nga nakaanu do tulun pogulu i poingion id Gua Niah nopo nga momoguno kaanto do teknologi mamagakom do mamalia om sada, teknologi pinulu, mongukad do woi, detoksifikasi susumuni om ponutudan do talun.[6] Di toun 2013 om 2014, pomotadauwulanan uranium-thorium nopo nga minongotus do umul tongkurak.[11] Antakan di toun 2016, ponoriukan potilombus nopo nga pinowonsoi di Darren Curnoe i nokoboros do "Deep Skull" nopo diti nga lobi popokito tulun sandad Borneo kopiadang do Tasmania toi ko' hipotesis duo lapik i popoilo do mogigion sandad Asia Kabaatan Kosilahon nopo nga minundaliu mantad Australia om miniamung miampai tulun mantad China.[5][11]

Di toun 2010 om 2021, kerajaan pogun Sarawak nopo nga pinoposogu do taman dii montok pomoroitan Tapak Tinungkusan Pogun UNESCO.[12][13][14] Pinosuang iti id suang do katayadan di 27 Madas 2024. Di toun 2020, koinsanai 122 rata tulun Niah nopo nga pinoguli id Sarawak.[15]

Geografi

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Poinladsong o Gua Niah id disan koibutan nulu watu kapur i kingaran do Nulu Subis. Wayaan sumuang nopo nga poinladsong id kabang kotonobon gua. Kinoyonon diti nopo nga 15km mantad Rahat China Kabaatan om 50m id sawat do tipong rahat. Muara kotonobon Gua Niah nopo nga solinaab 150 m om kinawas 75 m.[6]

Arkeologi

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Tongkurak Gua Niah. Homo sapiens, kiumul 45,000 gisom 39,000 toun.

Gua diti nopo nga tapak prasajara i toponsol tu' kiwaa rata tulun mantad 40,000 toun di pogulu do nabantalan.[16] Iti nopo nga tionon do tulun bobos otuo i nokorikud id Malaysia Kosilahon. Ponoriukan wagu i pinosoliwan di toun 2006 nopo nga pinopokito do bukti aktiviti tulun kumoiso id gua Niah mantad 46,000 gisom 34,000 toun di pogulu.[17] Gua Kain Hitam, poinladsong id blok watu kapur di lobi tokoro, lobi kuang 150 meter mantad tompok kabaatan kotonobon do blok Great Cave, nopo nga haro lukisan watu i kitadauwulan do 1,200 toun. Surupu arkeologi nopo nga pinopoilo do tadauwulan lobi tosopung montok kakamot watu nopo nga norubaan id lembah Mansuli, miinsomok do Lahad Datu id Sabah, nga pomorindakan pomotadauwulanan di otopot nopo nga au po nokosoliwan.[18]  

class=notpageimage|
Niah man and contemporary cultures c. 50,000~32,000

Kakamot di nabantalan id Gua Niah nopo nga kohompit no do kakamot pomutul om kapingan Pleistosen, kapak Neolitik, kapak, kakanan, kakamot ponginlumis mantad cangkerang, bot, galam, kakamot bosi, seramik om manik kaca mantad do Timpu Bosi. Kinabantalan di bobos otutunan nopo nga tongkurak tulun miampai tadauwulan lobi kuang 38,000 toun SM.[19][16] Gua Kain Hitam nopo nga haro lukisan om lungun kayu 'kapal kapatayon'.

Id pialatan do toun 1954 om 1966, lobi kuang 750,000 serpihan tulang tayam noukad do hiti. Iso mantad dii nopo nga nointutunan sabaagi do tulang metakarpal rimau tomulok.[20]

Susumuni

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Pearce (2004) mongintutun do onom kawo susumuni:[21]

  • Susumuni watu kapur id karst.
  • Talun Dipterokarpa Milongot.
  • Talun Paya Kitimpu id tana lagit marl.
  • Talun Paya Kitimpu id sakai do tana gambut.
  • Talun Riparian.
  • Talun Penjanaan Kawagu.

Ababayan dinondo

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Gua diti nogi nga otutunan sabaagi industri rumun tombolog. Otutunan nogi o gua diti sabaagi toongoyon do tutumombului id Sarawak. Monikid boogian do siling id suang do gua i nga haro tombolog walit di poinsako nopo nga sanganu soosondii om i sanganu no i milo momuhu do rumun. Ponimungan nopo nga koindalan do induo sontoun (koubasan no wulan Milatok om wulan Mahas). Tulun di monmung nopo nga sumalakoi do ratusan gakod id iso tiang kumaa siling gua om mongikis rumun miampai binabang lilin di mirop-kirop.[minog do kisukuon]

Galeri

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  •  
    Cane Reed
  •  
    Gua Trader
  •  
    Talun id pombontukan watu kapur
  •  
    Gua The Great
  •  
    Suang do Gua Niah/ Gua Kain Hitam

Intangai nogi

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Sukuon

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cranbrook, Earl of (Mahas 2013). "The 'Everett Collection from Borneo Caves' in the Natural History Museum, London: Its Origin, Composition and Potential for Research". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 86 (1): 79–112. doi:10.1353/ras.2013.0008. S2CID 201790524.
  2. ↑ Wallace, Alfred Russel. "Bone-Caves in Borneo (S97: 1864)". The Alfred Russel Wallace Page. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 5 Mikat 2019. Linoyog ontok 2 Mahas 2019.
  3. ↑ Sarawak Gazette 4 January 1907 Issue No 492 - Appointments . 1907. p. 10 – via Wikisource.
  4. ↑ Harrisson, Tom (1957). "The Great Cave of Niah: A Preliminary Report on Bornean Prehistory". Man. 57: 161–166. doi:10.2307/2795279. JSTOR 2795279.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Darren, Curnoe (28 Mahas 2016). "Ancient Deep Skull still holds big surprises 60 years after it was unearthed". The Conversation. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 28 Milatok 2019. Linoyog ontok 2 Mahas 2019.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Barker, Graeme; Barton, Huw; Bird, Michael (Gomot 2007). "The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)". Journal of Human Evolution. 52 (3): 243–261. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011. PMID 17161859.
  7. ↑ Reynolds, Tim; et al. (2015). "Reconstructing Late Pleistocene Climates, Landscapes, and Human Activities in Northern Borneo from Excavations in the Niah Caves". In Kaifu, Yousuke; et al. (eds.). Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia. Texas A&M University Press.
  8. ↑ "About Us - Niah National Park". Niah National Park. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 14 Mahas 2024. Linoyog ontok 31 Madas 2024.
  9. ↑ Sharon, Ling (23 Gomot 2017). "Niah Cave human remains to return". The Star (Malaysia). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 10 Manom 2019. Linoyog ontok 10 Manom 2019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The Niah Cave Project". University of Leicester. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 4 Mikat 2008. Linoyog ontok 22 Mahas 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Darren, Curnoe; Ipoi, Datan; Paul, S.C. Tacon (27 Mahas 2016). "Deep Skull from Niah Cave and the Pleistocene Peopling of Southeast Asia". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 4 (75). doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00075. hdl:10072/100807.
  12. ↑ Sulok, Tawie (22 Milatok 2019). "Sarawak to re-submit bid to make Niah Caves Unesco heritage site". The Malay Mail. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 30 Milatok 2019. Linoyog ontok 5 Mansak 2019.
  13. ↑ Pei Pei, Goh (25 Mikat 2022). "Sarawak nominates Niah National Park as its second World Heritage Site". New Sarawak Tribune. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 4 Mahas 2022. Linoyog ontok 25 Madas 2022.
  14. ↑ "The Archaeological Heritage of Niah National Park's Caves Complex, Sarawak, Malaysia". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 22 Milatok 2023. Linoyog ontok 22 Milatok 2023.
  15. ↑ "40,000-year-old Gua Niah human bones arrive 'home'". New Straits Times. 7 Gomot 2020. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 8 Gomot 2020. Linoyog ontok 8 Gomot 2020.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "The Great Cave of Niah" by Huw Barton
  17. ↑ Barker, Graeme; et al. (2007). "The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)". Journal of Human Evolution. 52 (3): 243–261. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011. PMID 17161859.
  18. ↑ Fong, Durie Rainer (10 Ngiop 2012). "Archaeologists hit 'gold' at Mansuli". The Star. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 12 Ngiop 2012. Linoyog ontok 15 Ngiop 2012.
  19. ↑ The Niah Cave Project at the University of Leicester.
  20. ↑ Piper, P. J.; Rabett, Earl of Cranbrook, R. J. (2007). "Confirmation of the presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo". Malayan Nature Journal. 59 (3): 259–267. Linoyog ontok 29 Mikat 2018.
  21. ↑ Pearce, Katharine G (2004). "The Vegetation and Plants of Niah National Park, Borneo". The Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore. 56: 101–145 – via Biodiversity library.

Pambasaan potilombus

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Noputan labus

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