Wikipedia

Prasikul

Prasikul (toi ko' ointutunan miampai ngaran Sikul Mintamong, Tabika toi ko' Prasikul Kabansaan) nopo nga tiyonon toi ko' liwang pongiaan om pisingilaan montok pondidikan gulu tangaanak pogulu lumaang kumaa pondidikan tosiriba. Prasikul nopo nga okendali do karajaan, koinanon okon karajaan, swasta om nogi tinan politik.

Sajara

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Tadon

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Lukisan ii popokito do kowoowoyoo tadika id Jerman ontok toun 1900.

Ontok di zaman soira tangaanak kiwaa had do minsingilo kokomoi kabaalan asas monuat om mambasa id walai, ogumu o pogumbalan montok do tangaanak i yatim piatu toi ko' tangaanak di molohing nopo nga pakaraja id kilang do maganu akses kumaa posorili do sumikul.

Ontok do 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin om Louise Scheppler nopo nga nokoruba do longkod mintamong do buragang om prasikul tangaanak di gulu kopio id strasbourg, Jerman. Tangaanak do hiti nopo nga pinaatod do molohing ngaawi tu moi yolo karaja do pitangadau.[1] Ontok 1780, notoodo noi o pusat mintamong do buragang di kopiagal id Bavaria.[2] Ontok 1802, minoonodo o Pauline zur Lippe do longkod prasikul id Detmold.

Ontok toun 1816, Robert Owen, songulun puru falsafah om pedagogi, minongukab isio do prasikul montok buragang om tangaanak i koiso nogi id British om koiso nogi kanto id pomogunan id New Lanark, Scotland.[3][4][5] Sabab do kiwaa perusahaan kilang bersama di Owen, manu isio do oonuan ii tangaanak do pondidikan moral i tosonong moi do milo torimoon yolo do kumaraja. Woyo di Owen nopo diti nga kibagus tu kaanu mombontuk tangaanak di kiwaa disipin takawas, om nogi kabaalan asas do mambasa om mongintob.[6]

Minongukab nogi ii Samuel Wilderspin do prasikul montok tangaanak i kiumul do sontoun om sawat di koiso id London pokiikiro toun 1819,[7] om minoonodo do hatus om lobi prasikul kopongo dii. Pinapalabus nogi isio do kertas kerja kokomoi prasikul om karatas kerja diti nopo nga siniliu do model konsep kapamansayan om panarampasan prasikul id poimpuli do England om somok dau. Abaabayan mamaamain nopo nga boogian di toponsol id suang sistom pondidikan ii pinasarabak di Wilderspin. Taman Pomoinan tangaanak nopo nga aasil winonsoi di Wilderspin. Ontok 1823, pinapalabus nogi i Wilderspin do buuk kiuhu do "On the Importance of Educating the Infant Poor", ii popotolinahas kokomoi woyo-woyo mantamong om mongia do tangaanak id sikul.

Toun potilombus, nokoimpuun i Wilderspin do mampayat id suang panaadaan Koisaan Prasikul Buragang. Isio nogi nga minonuat do buuk i kiuhu do "The Infant System, for developing the physical, intellectual, and moral powers off all children from one to seven years of age". Buuk diti nopo nga kokomoi do kapansalan kiharo do prasikul montok tangaanak du kiumul sontoun gisom no do turu toun.

Koburuon

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Therese Brunsvik (1775-1861), songulun tutumanud di Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, nopo nga minoonodo do Angyalkert ("Taman Malaikat" id boros Hungary) ontok 27 Mikat 1828 id walai dau, pogulu minoonodo do 11 kaagu o longkod mantamong poimbida montok do tangaanak di omulok po.[8][9] Ontok toun 1836, minoonodo nogi i Brunsvik do institut sabaagi do asas kumaa longkod prasikul. Idea nopo diti nga nointutunan id tulun bangsawan om iyolo id kalas pintangaan gisom do nokoinggumu o longkod prasikul ii winonsoi id Hungary.

Friedrich Frobel (1782-1852) nopo nga minoonodo do institut Pomoinan om Abaabayan ontok toun 1837 id kampung Bad Blankenburg ii notoina do karajaan Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Thuringia, om pinungaranan dau do institut diti sabaagi Kindergarten.

Ogumu o koonduan ii noluda di Frobel om minimpuun do mongukab Kindergaten id koiyonon Eropah om piipiro koiyonon id sompomogunan. Tadika koiso id Amerika Syarikat, ii nointutunan sabaagi do First Kindergarten nopo nga tinoodo ontok toun 1856 id Watertown, Wisconsin om momoguno boros Jerman sabaagi boros pengantar.[10] Elizabeth Peabody nogi nga minoonodo do tadika koiso id Amerika Syarikat momoguno do boros Inggeris sabaagi boros pengantar, om tadika percuma koiso nopo id Amerika Syarikat nga tinoodo di Condrad Poppenhusen ontok toun 1870, songulun usahawan om dermawan kibansa Jerman om pengasas nogi do Institut Poppenhusen.

Mantad pisuk ugama

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Islam

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Id Islam nopo, nokoimpuun o pondidikan gulu tangaanak mantad id suang po kandungan do tina.[11] Kopongo do nosusu, abaagi o pondidikan gulu kumaa duo taang, ii nopo nga taang koilo kopongo osusu gisom do umul tolu toun om taang koduo nopo nga koimpuun do umul tolu toun gisom no kiumul do onom toun.[12]

Kristian

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Id Kristian nopo, program prasikul nopo nga kosoruan pointutunon kumaa aspek kougamaan miagal ko koburuon mental, fizikal om spiritual sosongulun.[13] Suai ko ii, tangaanak nopo nga minsingilo kokomoi do kosusastaraan buuk obitua ii totigas, lumoyou do loyou-loyou mamarayou do Kinorohingan om nogi minsingilo miampai asaru rumikot id gereja.[14]

Skop koburuon

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Fasa kopongo do osusu nopo nga fasa pinsingilaan di oponsol tomod.[15] Id taang tolu toun koiso pogulu do nosusu nopo nga timpu kritikal montok koburuon tangaanak tu timpu diti no tangaanak kaanu do popotounda diolo sondiri montok minsingilo kokomoi boros (id pibasaran), woyo misosial om nogi kouyu'yuo do manu mongilo. Ontok toun-toun koilo, loolobi no tangaanak i kiumul do tolu gisom limo toun, tutok do tulun nopo nga kotorimo ogumu maklumat ii opinsingilaan maya posorili. Prasikul di kikualiti, mongingia ii noluda om kiwaa kaida' pinsingilaan di kibagas kumaa tangaanak nopo nga kaanu manahak bagas di tosonong kumaa koburuon pondidikan tangaanak di sondii.[16][17]

Id siriba nopo nga gana di kosoruan maan poia'o id prasikul:[18][19]

  • Koburuon jati diri, sosial, ekonomi om emosi
  • Komunikasi (kohompit no boros isyarat), pibarasan om mokinongou
  • Toilaan umum
  • Koburuon kreatif om estetik
  • Kopurimanan kokomoi numbul
  • Koburuon fizikal
  • Kolidasan fizikal
  • Abaababayan mamain
  • Abaabayan id tinimungan
  • Kabaalan kondii
  • Kabaalan misosial
  • Pomusarahan maya saintifik
  • Literasi

Toiso-iso sistom prasikul nopo nga notoodo miampai mogintong faktor miagal ko struktur kalas (pongonuan do tangaanak wagu, nisbah mongingia om tangaanak, saiz kalas, servis), proses (kualiti posorili kalas, kowoowoyoo interaktif do tangaanak om mongingia om suai po) om nogi jajaran (kurikulum, panahangan tangaanak). Kurikulum nopo nga nowonsoi miimpohon do tumul tangaanak, miagal ko tangaanak i kiumul apat toun om sawat nopo nga apatut do koilo no mongintob numbul mantad 1 gisom 10.[20]

Kiwaa nogi ponoriukan ii au osokodung kokomoi do kasanangan pondidikan prasikul[21][22] tu prasikul nopo nga magantob do koburuon kognitif om sosial.[23][24] Ponoriukan diti nopo nga winonsoi do Universiti California om Universiti Stanford kumaa do 14,000 longkod prasikul om nokoilo do sundung kiwaa koingkawason do rangsangan kognitif id suang abaabayan mambasa om monuat nga magantob o prasikul do koburuon sosial om nogi pisokodungan.[25] Kiwaa nogi ponoriukan ii popokito do posorili walai nopo nga lobi manahak bagas do tagayo kumaa pondidikan gulu tangaanak lobi ko mantad prasikul.[15]

Kurikulum

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Ponggubalan kurikulum montok tangaanak sikul nopo nga osiliu do topik pibarasan di alasu kopio.[26] Kogumuan hujah nopo nga kikomoi do tonsu kandungan om amalan pedagogi; gisom honggo do kandungan akademik nuru do posuangon id kaida' pinsingilaan maya formal toi ko maya kondii, ii ouhup do mongingia di lobi kibagas.[27][26] Montok di monokodung ponggubalan kurikulum montok prasikul, kopuriman nogi yolo do tarad ii nuru do intangan nga id kabaalan asas loolobi no id pilumaagan om mongintob, om nogi merangka abaabayan ii natantu no monton mamagampot do objektif.

Id taang sompomogunan, kiwaa tantaman dii agaras kopio kumaa sikul ii popotounda abaabayan miagal ko ponggubalan kurikulum montok prasikul. Lobi osokodung iyolo do ponggubalan kurikulum ii monguhup koburuon tangaanak[28] miagal ko koburuon kolidasan om fizikal, emosi om rohani, kompetensi sosial, koburuon intelektual om kabaalan milumaag. Topik diti nga asaru adadi do pibarasan umum om nogi sukuon do pondidik om komolohingan montok monggubal kurikulum di lobi spesifik tumanud konuruan sondii.[29]

Tumanud pogun

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Malaysia

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Pondidikan prasikul id Malaysia nopo nga dikawalselia do Komontirian Pondidikan Malaysia (KPM) tumanud Akta Pondidikan 1996. Tangaanak i kiumul do apat gisom onom toun nopo nga milo sumuang id program prasikul nga au wajib[30] sabaagi kopotoundaan gulu diolo pogulu sumuang id Pondidikan tosiriba ii nuru do onuon.[31]

Ogumu o kawo longkod prasikul i tinoodo id Malaysia miagal ko Tabika KEMAS, Tabika Porpaduan, Kalas Prasikul KPM om longkod prasikul swasta. Toinsanan longkod prasikul i nokodopitor id siriba do KPM nopo nga momoguno kurikulum i nogubal do KPM ii nopo nga Kurikulum Standard Prasikul Kabansaan (KSPK).[32]

Singapura

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Prasikul id Singapura nopo nga montok tangaanak id siriba umul turu toun. Kiwaa duo kawo longkod prasikul i haro. MOE Kindergarten nopo nga nokendali do Komontirian Pondidikan Singapura om oukab kumaa tangaanak kiumul apat gisom onom toun.[33] Suai ko ii, kiwaa nogi longkod prasikul suai ii nowonsoi do pihak Swasta om toinsanan longkod diti nga dikawalselia do agensi id siriba Komontirian Pondidikan Singapura ii nopo nga Early Childhood Development Agency (ECDA).[34] Longkod-longkod prasikul id siriba do ECDA diti nopo nga abaagi kumaa duo kawo; longkod mantamong do tangaanak om kindergarten.[33]

Kiwaa nogi piipiro kawo kurikulum i gunoon do longkod-longkod prasikul id Singapura miagal ko IB Primary Year Programme, Reggio Emilia om Montessori.[35] Kiwaa nogi longkod prasikul ii manahak do pinsingilaan maya mamaamain om praktikal.

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ Lorenzo Knapp, Samuel (1843). Female Biography: Containing Notices of Distinguished Women in Different Ages and Nations. New York: Thomas Wardle. p. 230.
  2. ↑ Berger, Manfred (2017). "Die ehemaligen und gegenwärtigen Ausbildungsstätten für Kleinkindlehrerinnen, Kindergärtnerinnen, Hortnerinnen ... und Erzieher/innen in Bayern". Das Kita-Handbuch. Linoyog ontok 17 Januari 2023.
  3. ↑ Vag, Otto (March 1975). "The Influence of the English Infant School in Hungary". International Journal of Early Childhood. 7 (1): 132–136. doi:10.1007/bf03175934. S2CID 145709106.
  4. ↑ "New Lanark Kids: Robert Owen". Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 15 August 2010. Linoyog ontok 1 December 2013.
  5. ↑ "Education in Robert Owen's New Society: the New Lanark Institute and schools". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 23 January 2013. Linoyog ontok 1 December 2013.
  6. ↑ "Socialist – Courier: Robert Owen and New Lanark". Socialist-courier.blogspot.co.uk. 29 June 2012. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 23 October 2013. Linoyog ontok 27 November 2013.
  7. ↑ Wilderspin, Samuel (1823). The Importance of Educating the Infant Poor. London: W. Simpkin & R. Marshall, Goyder, printer. p. 3.
  8. ↑ Budapest Lexikon, 1993
  9. ↑ Public Preschool Education in Hungary: A Historical Survey, 1980
  10. ↑ "Watertown Historical Society". Watertown Historical Society. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 21 June 2015. Linoyog ontok 21 June 2015.
  11. ↑ Tabroni, Imam; Sahrodi, Jamali; ., Ulfiah; ., Lindawati (11 Mac 2022). "Early Childhood Education In Islamic Education Perspective". ULIL ALBAB : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin. 1 (4 (Mac 2022)): 901–909. ISSN 2810-0581. Linoyog ontok 18 Januari 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Mohd Hamidin, Norfaezah; Md Isa, Siti Nurhajariah; Abdul Rahman, Awatif; Hamdi, Idi (2017). "PENDIDIKAN AWAL KANAK-KANAK (PAKK) DI MALAYSIA: KAJIAN LITERATUR" (PDF). E-Prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Sains Sosial & Kemanusiaan. Linoyog ontok 17 Januari 2023.
  13. ↑ Li, Jia (1 Oktober 2021). "Evaluation of Christian values and holistic child development: A case study of Benguet State University-Elementary Laboratory School in La Trinidad, Benguet, Phillipines". Bulletin of Early Childhood. 1: 49–68. doi:10.37134/saecj.vol10.2.4.2021. ISSN 2964-7029. Linoyog ontok 17 Januari 2023.
  14. ↑ "Why Should I Send My Child To A Christian Preschool?". Northshore Christian Academy. 5 Jun 2020. Linoyog ontok 17 Januari 2023.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 The Early Years Framework (PDF). Scottish Government. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7559-5942-6. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 11 November 2010. Linoyog ontok 1 Disember 2013.
  16. ↑ Schaefer, Stephanie; Cohen, Julie. (Disember 2000). Making Investments in Young Children: What the Research on Early Care and Education Tells Us. National Association of Child Advocates. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 26 September 2020. Linoyog ontok 26 September 2020.
  17. ↑ Hanford, Emily (Oktober 2009). "Early Lessons". American Radio Works. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 14 Jun 2011. Linoyog ontok 8 November 2009.
  18. ↑ The foundation stage: education for children aged 3 to 5 Archived 2008-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ A Curriculum Framework for Children 3 to 5 Archived 2010-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "Age Appropriate Curriculum, Developmental Milestones, and Readiness: What My Child Should Be Learning and When". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Disember 2013. Linoyog ontok 1 Disember 2013.
  21. ↑ "Creative Learning Center Preschool DayCare Child". Creative Learning Center. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 22 Mac 2017. Linoyog ontok 21 March 2017.
  22. ↑ "Child care Centre in Singapore | Top Preschool". Carpe Diem (id boros Inggeris AS). Linoyog ontok 3 April 2021.
  23. ↑ "542" (PDF). Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 3 Oktober 2013. Linoyog ontok 1 Disember 2013.
  24. ↑ Mykhailytska, Kseniia (April 1986). "Is Kindergarten a Good or Bad Idea? The Effects of Preschool on Children's Social, Behavioral, and Cognitive Development". Linoyog ontok 18 Januari 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ↑ "University of California – UC Newsroom | New report examines effects nationwide of preschool on kids' development". Universityofcalifornia.edu. 2 November 2005. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 7 November 2014. Linoyog ontok 27 November 2013.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Reaching for consensus about preschool curricula". Phi Delta Kappan. 26 September 2022. Linoyog ontok 20 Januari 2023.
  27. ↑ Katz, L. Curriculum Disputes in Early Childhood Education. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. EDO-PS-99-13.
  28. ↑ "Contemporary curriculum debates in early childhood education and care". British Educational Research Association. 29 Oktober 2021. Linoyog ontok 18 Januari 2023.
  29. ↑ Marope, P.T.M.; Kaga, Y. (2015). Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education (PDF). Paris, UNESCO. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-92-3-100113-0. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 24 Oktober 2018. Linoyog ontok 29 Mac 2017.
  30. ↑ "Everything You Need to Know About Preschools". Education Destination Malaysia. Linoyog ontok 17 Januari 2023.
  31. ↑ "Perbezaan antara Tabika Kemas dan prasekolah KPM, ibu bapa wajib tahu". Sinar Harian. Linoyog ontok 18 Januari 2023.
  32. ↑ "Bersedia ke Prasekolah". Positive Parenting Malaysia. 3 Februari 2014. Linoyog ontok 17 Januari 2023.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Overview of preschool". Ministry of Education Singapore. Linoyog ontok 20 Januari 2023.
  34. ↑ "who we are". Early Childhood Development Agency Singapore. Linoyog ontok 20 Januari 2023.
  35. ↑ "Ultimate Guide to Kindergartens and Preschools in Singapore". Sassy Mama. 17 Februari 2022. Linoyog ontok 20 Januari 2023.
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