Krismas

Christmas
Christmas
	Nativity scene depicted using Christmas lights
Lohowon nogi sabaagi	Noël, Nativity, Koleda, Xmas
Observed by	Christians, many non-Christians
kawo	Christian, cultural, international
Kapansalan	Commemoration of the nativity of Jesus
Kapanaandakan	Gift-giving, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decoration, feasting
Observances	Church services
Tadauwulan	December 25 (Western Christianity and part of the Eastern churches); January 6 (Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Evangelical Church); January 7 (O.S. December 25) (most Oriental Orthodox and part of the Eastern Orthodox churches); January 19 (O.S. January 6) (Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem);
Mionit do	Christmastide, Christmas Eve, Advent, Annunciation, Epiphany, Baptism of the Lord, Nativity Fast, Nativity of Christ, Old Christmas, Yule, St. Stephen's Day, Boxing Day

Krismas toi ko' Tadau Natal nopo nga karamayan monikid toun montok momuhondom kinosusuon di Jesus Kristus, i taandakon ontok 25 Momuhau ^{[lower-alpha 1]} sabaagi karamayan ugama om koubasanan do berbilion tulun pointongkop pomogunan. Oponsol o karamayan diti id suang toun liturgi do Kristian, i impuunan do musim Adven (mimpuun apat Tiwang pogulu Krismas) toi ko' Nativity Fast, om mongimpuun do musim Christmastide, i tumanud do sajara hilo id Barat, poindalanon solinaid hopod om duo tadau om gisom Twelfth Night. Tadau Krismas nopo nga koundarangan umum id kogumuan pogun, ramayon maya keugamaan do majoriti tutumanud Kristian, om maya koubasanan do tulun ginumuan i okon tutumanud Kristian, om nogi iso boogian oponsol id suang musim karamayan di monorili dau.

Susuyan tradisional krismas i pinosusui id suang Pibatasan Wagu, ointutunan sabaagi Kinosusuon di Jesus, poposusui do nosusu i Jesus hilo id Bethlehem, kopihuyud miampai nubuat-nubuat mesianik. Soira nokorikot i Santo Joseph om Maria hilo, aiso no linimput id walai dii, om nonuan yolo iso kandang id nombo nosusu i Tanak Kristu hiri. Pinoilo do tasab o gugumompi ngaawi do abal diti om sumusuhut pinaralad di gugumompi ii.

Kiwaa mogisuusuai hipotesis kokomoi tadauwulan kinosusuon di Jesus, om ontok koimpuunon abad kaapat, pinatatap do gereja o tadauwulan di ii no ontok 25 Momuhau. Tadauwulan nopo diti nga 9 tulan kalapas Annunciation ontok 25 Gomot, ii tadauwulan nogi do ekuinoks musim bunga. Kogumuan tulun Kristian mamaramai Tadau krismas ontok 25 Momuhau id suang Kalendar Gregory, i kogumuan notorimo om noguno miampai universal id suang kalendar sivil i gunoon do pugun-pogun pointongkop pomogunan. Sundung do ingkaa, mamaramai o soboogian mantad Gereja Kristian Timur do Krismas ontok 25 Momuhau tumanud Kalendar Julian laid, wi dinondo nopo nga kopihondot do & Milatok id suang kalendar Gregory. Otumbayaan o tutumanud Kristian do rinumikot o Kinorohingan id pomogunan doid bontuk tulun montok mongidu (menebus) douso tulun omm ii no tudu kopio karamayan do Krismas, om okon ko' montok do mongilo tadauwulan totopot kinosusuon di Jesus.

Adat resam nopo di mionit miampai Krismas id mogisuusuai pogun nga kiwaa piomungan tema om nontodon pra-Kristian, Kristian om sekular. Tradisi tadau koundarangan di ointutunan nopo nga kohompit no manahak tutungkap; momogonop kalendar Adven toi ko' kalungan Adven; Muzik Krismas om karoling; mintong do filim Krismas om drama Nativity; mogiolon-olon do kad Krismas; mampayat sambayang id gereja; taakanon ogingo; om popokito mogisuusuai ponginlumis Krismas, kohompit no puun Krismas, lampung Krismas, kopokitanan kinosusuon (nativity), kalungan bunga, mistletoe, om holly. Suai ko ii, kiwaa nogi piipiro figura i insaru pogiolon-olonon, ointutunan sabaagi Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Santo Nicholas, om Christkind, i mionit do manahak tutungkap kumaa tangaanak maso musim Krismas om kiwaa nogi tradisi sondii. Gama do kapanahakan tutungkap om ogumu po aspek suai id suang karamayan Krismas nopo nha popohompit do koingkawasan ekonomi, nosiliu nogi timpu dii ababayan oponsol om timpu kopobolian montok do pongindopuan. Mantad do piipiro abad nakatalib, nakaanu o Krismas manahak bagas ekonomi di mumang buru id kogumuan pogun doid pomogunan.

Etimologi

Hogot InggerisChristmas nopo nga bontuk otigas montok 'Christ's Mass'.^[3] Pinorekod o hogot diti sabaagi Crīstesmæsse ontok 1038 om Cristes-messe ontok 1131.^[4] Crīst (bontuk genitif Crīstes) nopo nga mantad hogot Yunani Χριστός (Khrīstos, 'Christ'),kodolinan mantad hogot Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ‎ (Māšîaḥ, 'Messiah'), i kirati 'anointed' (yang diurapi);^[5]^[6] om mæsse nopo nga mantad hogot Latin missa, ii no kosombutan Ekaristi.^[7]

Gunoon nogi o bontuk Christenmas ontok piipiro timpu pointantu, nga baino nopo om ii nopo kaka nga arkaik om dialektal.^[8] Tadon nopo istilah diti nga mantad boros Inggeris Pintangaan Cristenmasse, i kirati 'Christian mass' (misa Kristian).^[9] Xmas nopo nga koinibaan montok Christmas i koubasanan okito id cetakan, tumanud pimato timpuunon chi (Χ) id suang hogot Yunanai Χριστός, nga minamason o piipiro tapanai gaya do mongilag momoguno dii.^[10] haro o sukuon do koinibaan dii id suang boros Inggeris Pintangaan Χρ̄es masse (id nombo Χρ̄ nopo nga iso kawagu koinibaan montok hogot Yunani dii).^[9]

Ngaran suai

Tadau karamayan nopo diti nga ointutunan maya mogikaakawo ngaran Inggeris solinaid sajara dau. Tulun Anglo-Saxons monuku do karamayan diti sabaagi "midwinter",^[11]^[12] toi ko', sumoonu, sabaagi Nātiuiteð (mantad boros Latin nātīvitās i kirati kinosusuon).^[11]^[13] Nativity, i kirati 'kinosusuon', nopo nga mantad boros Latin nātīvitās.^[14] Id suang boros Inggeris Kuno, Gēola ('Yule') nopo nga sumuku kumaa timpu di kopisudong miampai wulan Momuhau om Milatok, i piniagal miampai Krismas Kristian.^[15] 'Noel' ('Nowel' toi ko' 'Nowell', miagal id suang sinding "The First Nowell") nokosuang id boros Inggeris ontok kolimpupuson abad ko-14 om nontodon nopo nga mantad boros Perancis Laid noël toi ko' naël, om nogi mantad boros Latin nātālis (diēs) i kirati 'tadau kinosusuon'.^[16]

Koleda nopo nga ngaran tradisional Slavia montok Krismas om sumuku kumaa timpu mantad Krismas gisom Epifani, toi ko' miampai lobi umum, ritual-ritual Slavia i mionit miampai Krismas, tadon nopo piipiro dii nga mantad zaman pra-Kristian.^[17]

Kinosusuon di Jesus (Nativity)

Adoration of the Shepherds (1622) karya Gerard van Honthorst i monginruai kinosusuon di Jesus

Injil Lukas om Matius monusui do nosusu i Jesus id Bethlehem di tina dau i Haahangai Maria. Id suang Injil Lukas, minamanau i Yusuf om Maria mantad Nazareth kumaa Bethlehem montok dumopitar id suang sensus, om nosusu i Jesus hilo om pinoiliu id suang do palungan.^[18] Minapahabar o tasab do Isio no o maamamasi ngaawi do tulun, om nokorikot tolu gugumompi mongoi samba disio. Id suang Injil Matius, sambalik dau (sebaliknya), tinumanud do rombituon o tolu tulun majus kuminaa doid Bethlehem montok manahak tutungkap kumaa di Jesus, i nosusu sabaagi raja tulun Yahudi. Minanahak i Raja Herodes do porinta mamatai oinsanan tangaanak kusai kiumul id siriba duo toun hilo id Bethlehem, nga minogidu o paganakan dii kumaa hilo Mesir om ginumuli kawagu hilo Nazareth.^[19]

Intangai nogi

Apollo 8 Genesis reading from lunar orbit, December 24, 1968
Christmas in July
Christmas Peace
Christmas Sunday
List of Christmas films
List of Christmas novels
Little Christmas
Nochebuena
Mithraism in comparison with other belief systems#25th of December
Christmas by medium

Nuut

↑ Several branches of Eastern Christianity that use the Julian calendar also celebrate on December 25 according to that calendar, which is now January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. Armenian Churches observed the nativity on January 6 even before the Gregorian calendar originated. Most Armenian Christians use the Gregorian calendar, still celebrating Christmas Day on January 6. Some Armenian churches use the Julian calendar, thus celebrating Christmas Day on January 19 on the Gregorian calendar, with January 18 being Christmas Eve. Some regions also celebrate primarily on December 24, rather than December 25.

Sukuon

↑ "Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival" (PDF). BBC Learning English. Momuhau 29, 2005. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok Gumas 1, 2008. Linoyog ontok Manom 30, 2008.
↑ "In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians". Gallup, Inc. Momuhau 24, 2008. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok Milau 16, 2012. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 16, 2012.
↑ "Christmas" (id boros Inggilis). Online Etymology Dictionary. Momuhau 20, 2020.
↑ Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). "Christmas". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God's human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.
↑ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.
↑ "Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok Momuhau 22, 2021.
↑ Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 "Christmas" in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived Milatok 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
↑ Griffiths, Emma (Momuhau 22, 2004). "Why get cross about Xmas?". BBC News. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Milau 11, 2011. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 12, 2011.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.
↑ "Midwinter" in Bosworth & Toller. Archived Milatok 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
↑ Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.
↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Milatok 13, 2012. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 13, 2011.
↑ Yule Archived Milatok 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.
↑ Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived Milatok 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022
↑ "Толковый словарь Даля онлайн". slovardalja.net. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 25, 2022.
↑ Rees, Neil (Momuhau 10, 2023). "Christmas – the original story". Christian Today (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok Momuhau 15, 2023.
↑ Piñero, Antonio (Momuhau 16, 2021). "Biblical stories of Jesus' birth reveal intriguing clues about his times". National Geographic (id boros Inggeris British). Linoyog ontok Momuhau 15, 2023.

Pambasaan potilombus

Bowler, Gerry, The World Encyclopedia of Christmas (October 2004: McClelland & Stewart). ISBN 978-0-7710-1535-9
Bowler, Gerry, Santa Claus: A Biography (November 2007: McClelland & Stewart). ISBN 978-0-7710-1668-4
Comfort, David, Just Say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties (November 1995: Fireside). ISBN 978-0-684-80057-8
Count, Earl W., 4000 Years of Christmas: A Gift from the Ages (November 1997: Ulysses Press). ISBN 978-1-56975-087-2
Federer, William J., There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions Archived Momuhau 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (December 2002: Amerisearch). ISBN 978-0-9653557-4-2
Kelly, Joseph F., The Origins of Christmas Archived Momuhau 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (August 2004: Liturgical Press). ISBN 978-0-8146-2984-0
Miles, Clement A., Christmas Customs and Traditions Archived Momuhau 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (1976: Dover Publications). ISBN 978-0-486-23354-3
Nissenbaum, Stephen, The Battle for Christmas (1996; New York: Vintage Books, 1997). ISBN 0-679-74038-4
Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: A History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509300-1.
Rosenthal, Jim, St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas (July 2006: Nelson Reference). ISBN 1-4185-0407-6
Sammons, Peter (Mikat 2006). The Birth of Christ. Glory to Glory Publications (UK). ISBN 978-0-9551790-1-3.
"Christmas" . Encyclopædia Britannica (id boros Inggilis). Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 293–294.
Martindale, Cyril (1908). "Christmas" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Noputan labus

Christmas collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History
Christmas: Its Origin and Associations, by William Francis Dawson, 1902, from Project Gutenberg
Christmas: its origin, celebration and significance as related in prose and verse, by Robert Haven Schauffler, 1907

[3] Several branches of Eastern Christianity that use the Julian calendar also celebrate on December 25 according to that calendar, which is now January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. Armenian Churches observed the nativity on January 6 even before the Gregorian calendar originated. Most Armenian Christians use the Gregorian calendar, still celebrating Christmas Day on January 6. Some Armenian churches use the Julian calendar, thus celebrating Christmas Day on January 19 on the Gregorian calendar, with January 18 being Christmas Eve. Some regions also celebrate primarily on December 24, rather than December 25.

[nonXians-1] "Christmas as a Multi-Faith Festival" (PDF). BBC Learning English. Momuhau 29, 2005. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok Gumas 1, 2008. Linoyog ontok Manom 30, 2008.

[NonXiansUSA-2] "In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians". Gallup, Inc. Momuhau 24, 2008. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok Milau 16, 2012. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 16, 2012.

[4] "Christmas" (id boros Inggilis). Online Etymology Dictionary. Momuhau 20, 2020.

[CathChrit-5] Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). "Christmas". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[6] Schoenborn, Christoph (1994). God's human face: the Christ-icon. Ignatius Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-89870-514-0.

[7] Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. American University in Cairo Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-977-424-118-5.

[8] "Christmas | Origin, Definition, Traditions, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok Momuhau 22, 2021.

[9] Christenmas, n., Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.

[XMED-10] 9.0 ^9.1 "Christmas" in the Middle English Dictionary. Archived Milatok 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[11] Griffiths, Emma (Momuhau 22, 2004). "Why get cross about Xmas?". BBC News. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Milau 11, 2011. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 12, 2011.

[Hutton-12] 11.0 ^11.1 Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285448-3.

[13] "Midwinter" in Bosworth & Toller. Archived Milatok 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[14] Serjeantson, Mary Sidney (1968). A History of Foreign Words in English.

[15] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Milatok 13, 2012. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 13, 2011.

[16] Yule Archived Milatok 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved December 12.

[17] Online Etymology Dictionary, Noel Archived Milatok 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 3, 2022

[18] "Толковый словарь Даля онлайн". slovardalja.net. Linoyog ontok Momuhau 25, 2022.

[rees-19] Rees, Neil (Momuhau 10, 2023). "Christmas – the original story". Christian Today (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok Momuhau 15, 2023.

[ng-biblical-20] Piñero, Antonio (Momuhau 16, 2021). "Biblical stories of Jesus' birth reveal intriguing clues about his times". National Geographic (id boros Inggeris British). Linoyog ontok Momuhau 15, 2023.

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