Gua Gomantong

Gomantong Caves
Gomantong Caves
	Entrance to one of the caves.
Coordinates	5°31′0″N 118°4′0″E / 5.51667°N 118.06667°E
Discovery	1930
Entrances	2

Gua Gomantong nopo nga sistom gua di apagon kopio id suang do Nulu Gumantong id Boogian Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. Nulu diti nopo nga singkapan watu kapur bobos tagayo id Hilir Kinabatangan.

Kotolinahasan

Poinladsong id suang do Talun Pinoopi Gomantong, gua om kinoyonon id posorili nopo nga iso kinoyonon montok pongumoligan tayam tolias lobi-lobi po kogiu. Nulu watu kapur diti nogi nga iso kinoyonon di otutunan kopio montok siput tindal Plectostoma mirabile i oruhai no opunso.^[1] Ponoriukan deposit guano kumoiso nopo nga winonsoi di toun 1889 di J.H. Allard mantad Syarikat Borneo China, om gua-gua kumoiso nopo nga pinapata di P. Orolfo di toun 1930. Pamataan kawagu miampai lobi aralom om pongimbasan laser do gua dii nopo nga pinoindalan di toun 2012^[2] om Madas 2014.^[3]

Populasi pungit nopo nga dominosion do kolono pungit tikiu poingabas kimunung do okurudut (Chaerephon plicatus), hinonggo koundolihon monikid totuong nopo nga nokosiliu do pamagayat tutumombului di bobos otutunan. Ginayo populasi i pinagayo-gayo miampai alaab di timpu nakatalin, lobi kuang 275,000 om 276,000 di toun 2012.^[4] Haro nogi kondiu pungit i au osodu mantad kinoyonon dii om mangakan di kondiu miampai khusus maamaso sumoliwan yolo mantad pogontoluan diolo.

Pogonuan do rumun tombolog

Rumun tombolog mantad do bambayangan kirumun toitom (Aerodramus maximus)

Solinaid do piipiro abad, otutunan o gua diti miampai rumun do bambayangan walit i milo akanon, onuon montok onsokon sabaagi sup rumun tombolog.^[5] Rumun di bobos kigatang nopo nga kiwarana topurak om padagangon miampai gatang di akawas. Ponimungan do rumun tombolog diti nopo nga iso koubasanan nokodori, om pamadagangan do rumun diti nopo nga nokoindalan lobi kuang mantad po 500 AD. Induo sontoun, mantad Mansak gisom Ngiop, om Madas gisom Manom, mogigion songkinoyonon i kilisin do sumalakoi id siling do gua nopo nga momoguno do tukad tuai, tali om torigi mantad do poring montok monimung do rumun. Ponimungan koiso nopo nga koindalan id kotimpuunon do timpu paganakan pogulu do mogontolu o tombolog walit dii. Momonsoi o tongotombolog diti do rumun suai montok pogontoluan diolo. Kalapas nakagayo i tanak tomulok, wonsoyon o koleksi koduo. Panamangan nopo nga nuru kopio mooi do kaanu monimung rumun di kalapas tanak do walit dii mogidu mantad rumun dau. Kowoowoyoon diti nopo nga korohian kopio do mogigion om tulun ginumuan i mongigit do lisin monimung mantad karajaan. Rumun do tombolog di milo akanon nopo nga umoligon id siriba do Enakmen Ponondulian Mamaamasi Tolias 1997. Danda om penalti di awagat nopo nga milo poontokon kumaa moninimung di aiso lisin.^[6]

Komiloongoyon do gua

Suang do gua

Sistom gua tapangkal nopo nga abaagi kumaa duo boogian: Simud Hitam (Gua Hitam) i lobi osonong do rikoton, om Simud Putih (Gua Putih) i lobi tagayo om poinladsong id sawat. Ngaran diti nopo nga sumuku kumaa kawo rumun tapangkal i poosilon do tombolog walit id monikid do gua. Sistom gua nopo nga ponokowalai montok togumu tayam do suai, kohompit no do populasi tagayo lipos, tangkalamai om pungit. Id labus, milo tokou mogintong do tayam tolias miagal do kondiu ular jambul,^[7] tombolog raja rahat om tombolog obulou dongeng Asia. Wayaan nopo nga id bontuk do tindalanon kayu i melitar id boogian suang.

Simud Hitam

Simud Hitam ("Gua Hitam") nopo nga ouhan do rikonot mantad koduo-duo gua, piipiro no minit do mamanau mantad bangunan wayaan sumuang, om ukaban kumaa tulun ginumuan. Siling dau nopo nga korikot do 40–60 m (130–200 ft) (130-200 kaki) kinawas. Iti nopo nga toud rumun "roloi toitom" i au kopio no kigatang. Kisuang iti do hulu om roloi di nuru do lidangon kalapas dii.

Simud Putih

Simud Putih ("Gua Putih") nopo nga lobi agayo mantad ko Simud Hitam, om nogi lobi teknikal; au ukaban kumaa tulun ginumuan, om wayaan nopo nga nuru kikakamot om haro nawayaan pogulu kokomoi gua di lobi kosudong. Hiti no kinokitanan do rumun "roloi topurak" i lobi kigatang, om orikot miampai mindakod do kinoyonon di otidong solinaid 30 minit lobi tosodu id sawat do konuluhan. Wayaan sumuang tapangkal nopo nga poinladsong id sawat om misampaping do "luang lampung" tapangkal id dolikud do Simud Hitam.

Sukuon

↑ "Plectostoma mirabile (Smith, 1893)". myspecies.info. Linoyog ontok 3 October 2016.
↑ D A McFarlane; M Buchroithner; J Lundberg; et al. (2013). "Integrated Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Autonomous Drone Surface-Hotogrammetry At Gomantong Caves, Sabah, Malaysia" (PDF). Proc. 16th Int. Cong. Speleology. Claremont University. 2: 317–19. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2021-01-26. Linoyog ontok 2013-08-29 – via jsd.claremont.edu.
↑ "Gomantong Caves". photofolio.org. Gomantong Expedition. 26 March 2014. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 4 March 2016. Linoyog ontok 3 October 2016.
↑ McFarlane, Donald A; Van Rentergem, Guy; Ruina, Annemieke; Lundberg, Joyce; Christenson, Keith (2015). "Estimating colony size of the wrinkle-lipped bat, Chaerephon plicatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) at Gomantong, Sabah, by quantitative image analysis" (PDF). Acta Chiropterologica. 17 (1): 171–77. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.1.014. S2CID 83900611. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 5 October 2016. Linoyog ontok 3 October 2016.
↑ Ee Lin Wan (2 December 2002). "Gomantong Caves: A Walk into Nature and History". ThingsAsian.com. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 22 October 2017. Linoyog ontok 22 October 2017.
↑ "Wildlife Conservation Enactment, Constitution of the State of Sabah" (PDF). sabah.gov.my. Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). 1997. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 22 October 2017. Linoyog ontok 22 October 2017.
↑ Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; et al. (20 January 2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. 46 (3): 160–74. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.

Toud suai

Wilford, G. E. (1964). The Geology of Sarawak and Sabah caves. Borneo Region, Malaysia: Geological Survey. p. 181.
"The Gomantong Caves. The making of a map". Site presents the new maps of the Gomantong Caves.

Noputan labus

Simud Hitam (The Black Cave)

[1] "Plectostoma mirabile (Smith, 1893)". myspecies.info. Linoyog ontok 3 October 2016.

[2] D A McFarlane; M Buchroithner; J Lundberg; et al. (2013). "Integrated Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Autonomous Drone Surface-Hotogrammetry At Gomantong Caves, Sabah, Malaysia" (PDF). Proc. 16th Int. Cong. Speleology. Claremont University. 2: 317–19. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2021-01-26. Linoyog ontok 2013-08-29 – via jsd.claremont.edu.

[3] "Gomantong Caves". photofolio.org. Gomantong Expedition. 26 March 2014. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 4 March 2016. Linoyog ontok 3 October 2016.

[4] McFarlane, Donald A; Van Rentergem, Guy; Ruina, Annemieke; Lundberg, Joyce; Christenson, Keith (2015). "Estimating colony size of the wrinkle-lipped bat, Chaerephon plicatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) at Gomantong, Sabah, by quantitative image analysis" (PDF). Acta Chiropterologica. 17 (1): 171–77. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.1.014. S2CID 83900611. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 5 October 2016. Linoyog ontok 3 October 2016.

[5] Ee Lin Wan (2 December 2002). "Gomantong Caves: A Walk into Nature and History". ThingsAsian.com. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 22 October 2017. Linoyog ontok 22 October 2017.

[6] "Wildlife Conservation Enactment, Constitution of the State of Sabah" (PDF). sabah.gov.my. Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). 1997. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 22 October 2017. Linoyog ontok 22 October 2017.

[7] Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; et al. (20 January 2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. 46 (3): 160–74. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.

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